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EDUCATION:
M.D.   New York University College of Medicine, (1959)
Medical Licensure   New York; Pennsylvania
Medical Boards:   Internal Medicine; Allergy & Clinical Immunology
SPECIAL EXPERTISE

Dr. Litwin joined FDA in 1991 with strong laboratory and clinical experience in Immune, Genetic, and Oncologic diseases. At the FDA he has served as a Senior Clinical Reviewer for the licensing of all of the major stem cell separation devices, as well as stem cell expansion studies, & lymphocyte infusion protocols. Other areas of intensive experience include cytokines and growth factors including GM- CSF and G-CSF, MGDF, interleukin-2, erythropoietins; tumor vaccines, monoclonal antibodies & immunoligands and gene therapy used in the oncologic setting.

HONORS AND AWARDS
  • Who's Who in America, American Society of Clinical Investigation, American Association of Immunologists, American Society of Human Genetics, Harvey Society, Clinical Immunology Society, American Society of Hematology
  • Editorial Boards or reviewer for American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, the Guthrie Journal, Journal of Immunology, J. Clinical Investigation, Science, J. Clinical Immunology, Nature and others. Editorial Consultant for Marcel Dekker Publishers, New York, NY
  • Study section member, Immunology and Immunotherapy, American Cancer Society, 1982-86; past member various NIH study sections; invited referee Australian Health Research Council
  • Advisory Council of National Institute of Child Health and Development, 1988- 1991; Member of various federal interagency working group including Model Policy for Human Rights in Research, Orphan Drugs Council, Federal Policy for Misconduct In Science, Recombinant DNA Advisory Council. Outstanding Service Award for Review Skills over 12 Years, CBER, FDA.
EXPERIENCE:
CURRENT POSITION:
Oct. 2003 to present:		  

Senior Clinical Consultant , Biologics Consulting Group Inc., Washington, DC.
 
1992 to Aug. 2003  

Medical Officer, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research served successively in Division of Biologic Investigational New Drugs (DBIND) [1991-1993]; the Division of Clinical Trial Design & Analysis (Oncology Branch) [1993-2002] & most recently in the Office of Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy [2002-2003]

  • Provided pre-IND advice and consultation in planning biologic drug development
  • Reviewed several hundreds of phase 1, 2 & 3 IND [Investigational New Drug] applications over 12 years.
    • The major areas of concentration were hematologic stem cell separation and expansion, lymphocyte infusion therapies, cytokines including GM-CSF and G-CSF, IL-2, Flt3l and others, erythropoietin & darbopoietin and MGDF, monoclonal antibodies and immunoligands, clinical aspects of gene therapy and tumor vaccines.
  • Served on and chaired multiple licensing committees including GM-CSF as a stem cell mobilizing agent, Interleukin-2 for therapy of Metastatic Melanoma, Erythropoeitin (Epoetin alfa) for cancer patients, Darbopoetin alfa for cancer patients, Ceprate device for CD34+ stem cell separation, Nexell device for CD34+ stem cell separation [Isolex 300]
  • Participated in development CBER approach to clinical design endpoints [surrogate biomarkers, drug development for hematopoietic growth factors, oncology endpoints]
  • Involved in policy development for stem cells:
    • Member Tissue Action Plan (TAP) Steering Committee
    • Co-Chaired Stem Cell Standards subcommittee of TAP which was tasked with developing standards based licensure for cord blood and peripheral blood stem cells
    • Liaison to Bone Marrow Transplant Clinical Trial Network (BMT CTN) sponsored by NHLBI and consisting of a network of 14 transplant centers
 
1987 to 1992  

Deputy Assistant Chief Medical Director for Research and Development, Veterans Administration Central Office, Washington, DC.

  • Appointment as visiting Adjunct Professor of Medicine at University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
  • Assisted in supervising the VA nationwide peer- review program for funding of medical research
  • Participated in planning and funding of multicenter clinical trials and statistical centers conducted by VA
  • Planned and sponsored VA topic- oriented research colloquia
   
1982 to 1987  

Scientific Director, Guthrie Foundation for Medical Research, Sayre ,PA.

  • Consultant in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Robert Packer Hospital and Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, PA
  • Clinical Campus of Upstate Medical Center, Binghamton, NY, Clinical Professor of Medicine.
  • Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, Adjunct Professor of Microbiology
  • Appointed as Clinical Professor of Medicine on Clinical Campus of Upstate Medical Center, Binghamton, N..Y; Adjunct Professor of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
  • Supervised, and participated in, research program in Cancer Immunology involving 4 and later 5 laboratories
  • Had responsibility for recruiting staff, personnel issues and grant support
   
1969 to 1982  

Full-time Medical Faculty, Cornell University Medical College/New York Hospital, New York, NY.

  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Assistant Attending Physician (1969 to 1971)
  • Associate Professor of Medicine, Associate Attending Physician (1971 to 1979)
  • Professor of Medicine, Attending Physician Head, Division of Human Genetics (1979 to 1982)
  • Member, Field of Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences (1974 to 1982)
   
1967 to 1969   Research Hematologist (Captain, U.S. Army), Blood Transfusion Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory
   
1964 to 1967  

Rockefeller University

  • Guest Investigator in Immunology (Sponsor - Dr. Henry G. Kunkel) (1964 to1966)
  • Assistant Professor (1966 to1967)
   
   

Montefiore Medical Center,
New York, NY

  • Intern and Resident in Medicine (1959 to 1962)
  • Postdoctoral Fellow In Rheumatology (1962 to1964)
CERTIFICATION & LICENSURE
Medical New York; Pennsylvania and California (inactive)
Specialty Boards
  • American Board of Internal Medicine
  • American Board of Allergy & Clinical Immunology
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES :
  • Editorial Boards of American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, the Guthrie Journal
  • Reviewer for Journal of Immunology, J. Clinical Investigation, Science, J. Clinical Immunology, Nature and others.
  • Editorial Consultant for Marcel Dekker Publishers, New York, NY
  • Study section member, Immunology and Immunotherapy, American Cancer Society, 1982-1986.
  • Past member various NIH study sections: invited referee Australian Health Research Council
  • Advisory Council of National Institute of Child Health and Development, 1988 to present
  • Member of various federal interagency working group including Model Policy for Human Rights in Research, Orphan Drugs Council, Federal Policy for Misconduct In Science, Recombinant DNA Advisory Council

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Books & Chapters
1.   Litwin, S. editor and chapter author. Human Immunogenetics: Basic Principles and Clinical Relevance. Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 1989.
   
2.   Siskind, G.W., Christian, C.L. and Litwin, S.D. (eds.). Immune Depression and Cancer. Grune and Stratton, 1975
   
3.   Litwin, S.D.: Latex fixation techniques. Methods in Immunology and Immunochemistry. Vol. IV. Academic Press. Edit. Williams, C.A. and Chase, M.
   
4.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetic control of gammaglobulins. in Combined Immunodeficiency Disease and Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency, Proceedings of Birth Defects Institute Symposium on Combined Immunodeficiency. Academic Press,: 13, 1975.
   
5.   Bearn, A.G. and Litwin, S.D.: Deficiencies of Circulating Enzymes and Plasma Proteins. in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd Edition. Stanbury, Wyngaarden and Frederickson.
   
6.   Litwin, S.D., Christian, C.L. and Siskind, T.W. (eds.). Clinical Evaluation of Immune Function in Man. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1976.
   
7.   Litwin, S.D.: In vitro evaluation of pokeweed mitogen-activated human B lymphocytes. in Clinical Evaluation of Immune Function in Man. Litwin, S.D., Christian, C.L. and Siskind, G.W. (eds.) Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 133, 1976.
   
8.   Weksler, M.D., Litwin, S.D., Riggio, R.R. and Siskind, G.W. (eds.). Immune Effector Mechanisms in Disease. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1977.
   
9.   Siskind, G.W., Litwin, S.D. and Weksler, M.E. (eds.) Development Immunobiology. Grune and Stratton, 1979.
   
10.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetic variations of human immunoglobulins. in CRC Handbook Series in Clinical Laboratory Science, Section D, Blood Banking, Vol. II edit. by Greenwalt, T.J. and Steane, E.A., 204, 1981.
   
11.   Litwin, S.D.: Histocompatibility Antigens. Chap. 15 in Immunodiagnosis for Clinicians by Grieco, N.H. and Meriney, D.K. Year Book Med. Publishers, Inc. 1983.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT'D)

Papers
1.   Litwin, S.D. and Singer, J.M.: Studies of the incidence and significance off anti-gamma globulin factors in the aging. Arthritis and Rheumat. 8:538, 1965.
   
2.   Litwin, S.D. and Singer, J.M.: The adjuvant effect of polystyrene latex particles. J. Immunol. 95:1147, 1965.
   
3.   Litwin, S.D. and Kunkel, H.G.: Genetic factors of human gamma globulin detected by rabbit antisera to myeloma proteins. Transfusion 6:140, 1966.
   
4.   Litwin, S.D. and Kunkel, H.G.: A globulin genetic factor related to Gm(a) but localized to a different portion of the heavy chains. Nature 210:866, 1966.
   
5.   Litwin, S.D. and Kunkel, H.G.: The genetic control of different portions of the heavy chain of G globulin. Information Exchange No.5, August 1966.
   
6.   Yount, W.J., Kunkel, H.G. & Litwin, S.D.: Gm(n), a new genetic factor. Science 154:1040, 1966.
   
7.   Litwin, S.D., Allen, J.C. and Kunkel, H.G.: Disappearance of the clinical and serological manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis following a thoracotomy for a lung tumor. Arthritis and Rheumat. 9:865, 1966.
   
8.   Green, I., Litwin, S.D. and Rubin, I: Idiopathic acquired hypogammaglobulinemia with the late development of lymphosarcoma. Arch. Int. Med. 118:592, 1966.
   
9.   Yount, W.J., Kunkel, H.G. and Litwin, S.D.: Studies of the Vi(2c) subgroup of -globulin. J. Exper. Med. 112:117, 1967.
   
10.   Litwin, S.D. and Kunkel, H.G.: The genetic control of -globulin heavy chains. Studies of the major heavy chain subgroup utilizing multiple genetic markers. J. Exper. Med. 125:847, 1967.
   
11.   Litwin, S.D. and Kunkel, H.G.: The relationship between Inv (1) and (2) genetic antigens of kappa light chains. J. Immunol. 99:603, 1967.
   
12.   Litwin, S.D.: Phylogenetic differences among the Gm factors of non-human primates. Nature, 216:268, 1967.
   
13.   Natvig, J.B., Kunkel, H.G. and Litwin, S.D.: Genetic markers of the heavy chain subgroups of human G globulin. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium, Quantitative Biol., Antibodies, Vol. 32, 1967.
   
14.   Litwin, S.D. and Shields, C.E. Human serum anti-globulins and Immunization, USAMRL report No. 804, 1968.
   
15.   Litwin, S.D.: Automated detection of Gm factors of human .globulin. Vox Sang. 17:194, 1969.
   
16.   Litwin, S.D. and Camp, F.R., Jr.: Gm typing: Studies on an Automated Method In Advances In Automated Analysis. Mediad Inc., Publishers, 1969.
   
17.   Kunkel, H.G., Smith, W.K., Joslin, F.G., Natvig, J.B. and Litwin, S.D.: A genetic marker of the A2 subgroup of A globulins. Nature 223:1247, 1969.
   
18.   Litwin, S.D.: The expression of human genetic factors on primate immunoglobulin. In Experimental Med. & Surg. in Primates, NY Acad. Sci. 162:177, 1969.
   
19.   Litwin, S.D. and Beam, A.G.: Alpha1 anti-trypsin deficiency. Edit. Amer. Rev, of Resp. Dis. 100:886, 1969.
   
20.   Shields, C.E., Bunn, H.F. Litwin, S.D., Reed, L.J. and Dauber, L.G. Clinical evaluation of transfused blood after long-term storage in ACD with adenine. Transfusion 9:246, 1969.
21.   Litwin, S.D.: Naturally occurring pepsin agglutinators in the serum of sub-human primates. Clin. and Exper. Immun. 6:597, 1970.
   
22.   Nathenson, G., Schorr, J. and Litwin, S.D.: Gm factors feto-maternal gamma globulin Incompatibility. Pediatric Res. 5:2, 1971.
   
23.   Litwin, S.D.: Antiglobulin antibodies detecting hidden G antigens: characterization of the "pepsin site" by different immune antisera. Immunology 19:511, 1971.
   
24.   Litwin, S.D.: A quantitative method for human G allotype antigens (Gm). I. Relationship between Gm antigenic strength and phenotype. J. Immunol. 106:589, 1971.
   
25.   Winchester, R.J., Litwin, S.D., Koffler, D. and Kunkel, H.G.: Observations on the eosinophilia of certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit. and Rheumat. 14:650, 1971
   
26.   Van Loghem, E. and Litwin, S.D.: Antigenic determinants on immunoglobulins of non-human primates. Transportation Proc. 4:129, 1972.
   
27.   Litwin, S.D. and Balaban, S.: A quantitative method for determining human G allotype antigens (Gm). II. Differences in Gm gene expression for GI and G3 H chains in sera. J. Immunol. 108:991, 1972.
   
28.   Cederqvist, L, Queenan, J.T., Gadow, E.C. and Litwin, S.D.: The origin of IgG-globulins in human amniotic fluid. Amer. J. Obstet. Gyn. 113:838, 1972.
   
29.   Litwin, S.D. and Fudenberg, H.H.: Quantitative abnormalities of allotypic genes in families with primary immune deficiencies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69-1739, 1972.
   
30.   Litwin, S.D.: Allelic and class exclusion of membrane associated Immunoglobulins of human lymphocytes. J. lmmunol. 108:1129, 1972
   
31   Litwin, S.D.: A quantitative method for determining G allotype antigens, III. Sera expression of Gm genes in different human populations. Clin. Genetics 3:206, 1972.
   
32   Fortner, J.G., Krumins, S., Sichuk, G. and Litwin, S.D.: Immunological responses to an intestinal allograft with HL-A identical donor recipient. Transplantation 14:531, 1972.
   
33   Hutteroth, T.H., Litwin, S.D. and Cleve, H.: Cultured lymphoid cell lines from normal subjects: Membrane associated immunoglobulins studied by the mixed antiglobulin reaction. Cellular Immunology 5:446, 1972.
   
34   Ellis, F.R., Camp, F.R. and Litwin, S.D.: Application of Gm typing and cases of disputed paternity. U.S. Army Medical .Res. Lab. Report No. 1016,1973.
   
35   Hutteroth, T.H., Cleve, H., Litwin, S.D. and Poulik, M.D.: The relationship between 2-microglobulin and lmmunoglobulin in cultured human lymphoid lines. J. Exper. Med. 137:838, 1973.
   
36   Danes, B.S., Litwin, S.D., Hutteroth, T.H., Cleve, H. and Beam, A.G.: Characterization of cystic fibrosis factor and its interaction with human immunoglobulin. J. Exper. Med. 137:1538, 1973.
   
37   Hutteroth, T.H., Cleve, H. and Litwin, S.D.: Modulation of membrane associated immunoglobulins of cultural human lymphoid cells by specific antibody. J. of lmmunol. 110:1325, 1973.
   
38   Litwin, S.D., Ochs, H. and Pollara, B.: Surface immunoglobulins in blood lymphocytes of normal and immunodeficient persons. Immunology 25:573, 1973.
   
39   Litwin, S.D., Lin, PK., Hutteroth, T.H. and Cleve, H.: Multiple heavy chain classes and light chain types. Nature, New Biology 246:179, 1973.
   
40   Litwin, S.D. and Fudenberg, H.H.: 171-180 in Biochemical Basis of inherited Disease, Okada at al. MSS Information Corp. NY 10021, 1973.
   
41   Litwin, S.D., Balaban. S. and Eyster, M.E. Gm allotype preference in erythrocyte lgG antibodies of patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood 42:241, 1973.
   
42.   Litwin, S.D.: Allotype preference in human Rh antibodies. J. Immunol. 110:717, 1973
   
43.   Ellis, F.R., Camp, F.R. Jr., and Litwin, S.D.: Application of Gm typing in cases of disputed paternity. J. Forensic Sci. 18:290, 1973.
   
44.   Cederqvist, L. and Litwin, S.D.: Production of alpha1 and alpha2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains during fetal life. J. of lmmunol. 112:1605, 1974.
   
45.   Drusin, L.M., Litwin, S.D., Armstrong, D. & Webster, B.P.: Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia in patient with a chronic biologic false positive serologic test for syphilis. Amer. J. Med. 56:429, 1974.
   
46.   Litwin, S.D., Hutteroth, T.H., Lin, P.K., Kennard, J. and Cleve, R. Immunoglobulin expression of cells from human lymphoblastoid lines. I. Heavy and light chain antigens of the cell surface. J. of lmmunol. 113:661, 1974.
   
47.   Litwin, S.D., Hutteroth, T.H., Lin, P.K., Kennard, J. and Cleve, H.: lmmunoglobulin expression of cells from human lymphoblastoid lines. II. Interrelationship between surface, cellular and secreted immunoglobulins. J. of lmmunol. 113:668, 1974.
   
48.   Litwin, S.D.: Latex fixation techniques. Methods In Immunology and Immunochemistry. Vol. IV. Academic Press. Edit. Williams, C.A. and Chase, M.
   
49.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetic control of gammaglobulins. in Combined Immunodeficiency Disease and Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency, Proceedings of Birth Defects Institute Symposium on Combined Immunodeficiency. Academic Press,: 13, 1975.
   
50.   Locksin, M., Fotino, M., Gough, W., and Litwin, S.D.: Ankylosing spondyltis and HL-A. A genetic disease plus? J. of Clin. Invest. 56:1, 1975.
   
51.   Hutteroth, T.H., Litwin, S.D. and German, J.: Abnormal immune responses of Bloom's Syndrome lymphocytes in vitro. J. of Clin. Invest. 56:1, 1975.
   
52.   *Siskind, G.W., Christian, C.L. and Litwin, S.D. (eds.). Immune Depression and Cancer. Grune and Stratton, 1975.
   
53.   Fujita, S., Litwin, S.D. and Hartman, N.: A glycoprotein associated with the membrane fraction of human B- but not T-lymphocytes. J. of Exp. Med. 142:1416, 1975.
   
54.   Bearn, A.G. and Litwin, S.D.: Deficiencies of Circulating Enzymes and Plasma Proteins, in The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 3rd Edition. Stanbury, Wyngaarden and Frederickson.
   
55.   Litwin, S.D., Hutteroth, T.H. and Balaban, L: Synthesis of Gm allotypes by human tonsillar lymphocytes in culture. Concordance with serum phenotype. J. of Immunol. 116:1045, 1976.
   
56.   Litwin, S.D. and Lin, P.K.: Phenotypic heterogeneity for cells bearing surface immunoglobulin in human lymphoid lines. Cell. Immunol. 24:270, 1976.
   
57.   Kwok, S.Y. and Litwin, S.D.: Immunoglobulin expression of cells from human lymphoblastoid lines. Ill. Cell cycle and surface immunoglobulin expression. Cell. Immunol. 25:256, 1976.
   
58.   Litwin, S.D. and Hartman, N.: Change in Ig expression of a human lymphoblastoid line during long-term culture. Scand. J. Immunol. 5:789, 1976.
   
59.   Cederqvist, L.L., Francis, L.C., Zervoudakis, I., Becker, C.G. and Litwin, S.D.: Fetal immune response following prematurely ruptured membranes. Amer. J. Obstet. and Gyn. 126:321, 1976.
   
60.   Litwin, S.D., Christian, C.L. and Siskind, T.W. (eds.). Clinical Evaluation of Immune Function in Man. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1976.
   
61.   Litwin, S.D.: In vitro evaluation of pokeweed mitogen-activated human B lymphocytes in Clinical Evaluation of Immune Function in Man. Litwin, S.D., Christian, C.L. and Siskind, G.W. (eds.) Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 133, 1976.
   
62.   Litwin, S.D. and Zanjani, E.D.: Lymphocytes suppressing both immunoglobulin production and erythroid differentiation in hypogammaglobulinemia. Nature 266:57, 1977.
   
63.   Litwin, S.D.: Section on Variations in the Plasma Proteins in Selected Diseases, in Human Health and Disease. Altman, P.L (ed.), FASEB, 1977.
   
64.   Nathenson, G. and Litwin, S.D.: Partially restricted antitoxins of tetanus and diphtheria in man. Ped. Research, 11:1211, 1977.
   
65.   Cederqvist, L.L., Senterfit, L.B., Ewool, LC. and Litwin, S.D.: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. Brit. Med. J. 297:615, 1977.
   
66.   Cederqvist, L.L., Ewool, L.C. and Litwin, S.D.: IgD and the fetal immune response. Scand. J. Med. 6:821, 1977.
   
67.   *Weksler, M.D., Litwin, S.D., Rigglo, R.R. and Siskind, G.W. (eds.). Immune Effector Mechanisms in Disease. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1977.
   
68.   Hutteroth, T.H. and Litwin, S.D.: Differentiation of Human lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen in vitro. Studies in normal and in immunodeficient subjects. Kiln. Wochenschr. 55:743, 1977.
   
69.   Cederqvist, L.L., Facog, 0.1., Ekelund, L., Tuimala, R. and Litwin, S.D.: Fetal immunoglobulin production following prenatal glucocorticoid treatment. Obst. and Gyn. 52:539, 1978.
   
70.   Litwin, S.D.: Immunodeficiency with thymoma: Failure to induce Ig production In immunodeficient lymphocytes cocultured with normal T cells. J. Immunol. 122:728, 1979.
   
71.   Rodman, T.C., Litwin, S.D. and Vidali, G: The life history of mouse sperm protein. Intratesticular stages. J. Cell Biol. 80:605, 1979.
   
72.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetics for the Internist. Cornell Medical Update/2. Yorke Med. Books, 75, 1979.
   
73.   *Siskind G.W., Litwin, S.D. and Weksler, M.E. (eds.) Development immunobiology. Grune and Stratton, 1979.
   
74.   Litwin, S.D.: Characteristics of suppressor cell activity appearing in cocultures of two individuals with immunodeficiency with thymoma. Scand. J. Immunol. 11:15, 1980.
   

75.

   Cederqvist, L.L., Ekelund, L., and Litwin, S.D.: Effect of glucocorticoids on fetal immunoglobulin production after premature rupture of membranes. Obstet. and Gyn. 55:444, 1980.
   
76.   Litwin, S.D.: How important are genetic factors in atopic disease. Current concepts in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 10, #2, Summer, 1980.
   
77.   Litwin, S.D., Rubenstein, A., Atassi, B., Sicklick, M.: Induction of immunoglobulin synthesis in corticosteroid-treated blood lymphocytes of a patient with acquired agammaglobulinemia. J. Clin. Immunology, March, 1981.
   
78.   Cederqvist, L., and Litwin, S.D.: lmmunoglobulin synthesis by Trisomy 21 fetuses. Am. J. Reprod. lmmunol. 1:62, 1981.
   
79.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetic variations of human immunoglobulins in CRC Handbook Series in Clinical Laboratory Science, Section D, Blood Banking, Vol. II edit. by Greenwalt, T.J. and Steane, E.A., 204, 1981.
   
80.   Litwin, S.D.: Impaired Immunity. A view of current stigmata and disease evaluation. Bulletin of NY Acad. of Medicine, 57:617, 1981.
   
81.   Litwin, S.D.: Genetic disease before and after the birth event. Amer. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2:43, 1982.
   
82.   Litwin, S.D.: Does the X chromosome have a special role in immune biology? Medical Hypothesis 9:313, 1982.
   
83.   Cederqvist, LL., Spigelman, S. and Litwin, S.D.: The fetal serum alphafetoprotein and its relationship to immunoglobulins and birth weight at term. Obstet. & Gyn. 61:233, 1983.
   
84.   Litwin, S.D.: Histocompatibility Antigens. Chap. 15 in Immunodiagnosis for Clinicians by Grieco, N.H. and Meriney, D.K. Year Book Med. Publishers, Inc. 1983.
   
85.   Cederqvist, L.L., Caprio, R.E., Rappaport, I., Litwin, S.D., Abdel-Latif, N., and Bhalla, R.B.: Correlation between maternal and fetal immunoglobulin E levels. Obstet. & Gyn. 63:674, 1984.
   
86.   Cederqvist, L.L, Eddey, G., Nagwa, A., and Litwin, S.D.: The effect of smoking during pregnancy on cord blood and maternal serum immunoglobulin levels. Amer. J. of Obstet. and Gyn. 148:1123, 1984.
   
87.   Litwin, S.D., Tse-Eng, D., Butler, V.P. Jr. and Pernis, B. Studies on human low serum IgD phenotype and (3m markers. Clinical Genetics 27:134, 1985.
   
88.   Devereau, R.B., Kramer-Fox, R., Brown, W.T., Shear, M.K., Hartman, N., Kligfield, P., Lutas, E.M., Spitzer, M.C., Litwin, S.D. Relations between clinical features of the mitral prolapse syndrome and echocardiographically documented mitral valve prolapse, Journal of American College Cardiology, 1988.
   
89.   Mizuma, H., Zolla-Pazner, S., S.D. Litwin at al: Serum IgD elevation is an early marker of B cell activation in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Clin. & Exper. Immunology, 5, 1987.
   
90.   Litwin, S.D. and Zehr, B.D.: Membrane IgD-positive B cells of "low IgD sera phenotype" individuals fail to secrete IgD and fail to shift to preferential lambda light chain expression invitro. J. Clin. Immunology, 7: 114, 1987.
   
91.   Litwin, S.D. and Zehr, B.D.: In vitro studies on human IgD: I. Sources and characterization of "externalized" IgD in tonsil lymphocyte cultures. European Journal of Immunology, 17: 483, 1987.
   
92.   Litwin, S.D. and Zehr, B.D.: In vitro studies on human IgD: II. IgD secreting cells preferentially elaborate IgD molecules. European Journal of Immunology, 17: 491, 1987.
   
93.   Zehr, B.D. and Litwin, S.D.: Jacalin is an IgD binding lectin incompetition with human IgA. Scandinavian J. Immunol., 26: 465, 1987.
   
94.   Mizuma, H., Zolla-Pazner, S. Sharpe, S., Zehr, B.D. and Litwin, S.D.: Spontaneous IgD synthesis by PBM cells of AIDS individuals, in press, Clin and exper. Immunol., 71,410, 198.
   
95.   Utwin, S.D., Zehr, B.D., Rogers, S.K.: There is marked age related decline in human sera IgD, Aging Immunology and Infectious Disease., 1, 1988.
   
96.   Litwin, S.D., Zehr, B.D.: In Vitro Studies on Human IgD: III. Immunologic features of individuals with high sera IgD and spontaneous IgD biosynthesis., Clin. Immunol. and Immunopath. 47,75, 1988.
   
97.   Litwin, S. editor and chapter author. Human Immunogenetics: Basic Principles and Clinical Relevance. Marcel Dekker Inc., N.Y. 1989.
   
98.   Litwin, S.D., Zehr, B.D., lnsel, R.A.: Selective appearance of IgD class specific antibodies in human milk. Clinica